INTRODUCTION:

The processes like rapid industrialization, unplanned urbanization, etc. discharge a lot of effluents into environment causing water pollution. In order to provide the basic needs increased population, the present society has undertaken several processes like rapid industrialization, extensive cultivation, over exploitation of natural resources etc.^1-5. All these processes release a lot of extraneous matter and energy to the environment causing pollution of all kind. Out of all types of pollutions, water pollution draws the attention ofcivilized society because it is responsible for the occurrence of a number of diseases causing health hazards^5-6.

Paradeep is a Port Town in the district of Jagatsinghpur, Odisha, India and situated at a latitude 20° 55.44' N and a longitude 86°34.62' E at the cost of Bay of Bengal⁷. It is a growing industrial city with a population of around 90,000. The major industries at Paradeep are Paradeep Phosphates Limited, Paradeep Plastic Park Limited, IFFCO- Fertilizer Plant, Essar Steel's Pellet plant, Indian Oil marketing terminal, etc. Paradeep Phosphates Limited (PPL) is a joint venture between the Adventz group company, Zuari Agro Chemicals Ltd. and Maroc Phosphore, S.A., a wholly owned subsidiary of OCP, Morocco. This joint venture has enabled the Adventz Group to establish a formidable pan-India presence as one of the country’s largest fertiliser conglomerates. The plant, located in the port town of Paradeep in Orissa, with an installed annual capacity of 7,20,000 metric tonnes of DAP and other phosphatic fertilisers, was commissioned in 1986. The off-site facilities comprise of a 3.4 km closed conveyor from port to plant site, a railway siding, raw material storage yards and a 3.1 km long pipe rack. In 1992, a Sulphuric Acid Plant with an annual capacity of 6,60,000 metric tonnes and a Phosphoric Acid Plant with an annual capacity of 2,25,000 metric tonnes were installed.PPL manufactures and markets complex phosphatic fertilisers and intermediary products like Phosphoric Acid and Sulphuric Acid, crucial in the manufacture of phosphatic fertilizers. PPL also markets its by-product Phospho-Gypsum which is used for soil conditioning in alkaline soils. PPL release a lot of effluents throughout the year which are either accumulated at specific sites or discharged into water bodies.

The inhabitants of this area depend on the surface water mainly ponds and in some places wells. The discharge of effluents from PPL (partly treated or untreated) causes depletion of water quality of the area inducing a number of water-borne and skin diseases. In the present work, an attempt has been made to study the seasonal variations in the physico-chemical characteristics of surface water at the vicinity of PPL up to a distance of 03 km. The water quality is monitored by studying the changes in parameters like pH, TDS, Conductivity, DO, BOD, COD, T.H., Mg.H, Ca.H, Alkalinity, Chloride, Fluoride, Nitrate Nitrogen, Turbidity etc.

MATERIALS AND METHODS:

Sample Collection

The water samples have been collected from different places at the vicinity of Paradeep phosphate limited, Paradeep within a radius of 03 km. Prior to sampling the collection bottles have been rinsed well and then filled up to neck and stoppered immediately to prevent any accidental entry or escape as well as interaction with outside atmosphere^8-13.In anticipation of possible changes in certain water quality parameters with respect to time pH, temperature, dissolved oxygen (DO) and conductivity have been measured immediately after the collection of samples

Physicochemical Analysis

Procedures as Laid down in (APHA) have been followed for the analysis of different parameters such as pH, total suspended solids (TSS), total dissolved solids (TDS), conductivity, dissolved Oxygen (DO), Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD),Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Total Hardness (TH), calcium hardness (CaH), alkalinity, chloride and fluoride of the water samples [10-11] (Table–2). An average of three observations in a season with respect to each monitoring station and parameters has been determined and the results have been compared with the Indian standards (ISO 10500) for portable water ¹⁴. The data given in the Table-2-4 are an average value of 05 observations.

Table 1: Different sampling stations at Paradeep municipality

Sl. No.	Name of Sample Station	Distance from PPL
1	Drainage canal	0.5 k.m
2	Siva temple	2.0 k.m
3	Ramachandipada	3.0 k.m

Table.2 Analysis of water quality parameters of PPL drainage canal(0.5 km from PPL)

Sl. No.	Parameter	Standard as per ISO 10500	Monsoon	Post-monsoon	Pre-monsoon
1.	pH	6.5-8.5	2.35	2.17	1.14
2.	TDS	500-2000	3150	3240	3620
3.	Conductivity (mho/cm)	200-700	2502	2509	2704
4.	DO	4.0-6.0	11.2	11.7	7.2
5.	BOD	30	2.0	2.6	8.0
6.	COD	10	8.9	7.9	7.8
7.	T.H.	300-600	1110	1180	1260
8.	Ca.H	75-200	43.0	42.0	104
9.	Mg.H	30-150	20.0	21.0	108
10.	Alkalinity	200-600	69.0	68.0	104
11.	Chloride	250-1000	5348	5408	8020
12.	Fluoride	1.0-1.5	7.7	9.8	11.4
13.	Nitrate Nitrogen	45-1000	167	248	348

Table.3 Analysis of water quality parameters of surface water 2.0 k.m from PPL drainage canal (near Siba temple)

Sl. No.	Parameter	Monsoon	Post-monsoon	Pre-monsoon
1.	pH	6.35	6.17	5.59
2.	TDS	115	116	118.8
3.	Conductivity (mho/cm)	410	416	419
4.	DO	8.1	8.7	7.8
5.	BOD	9.4	10.6	9.6
6.	COD	6.4	6.9	7.2
7.	T.H.	1010	1030	1040
8.	Ca.H	248.0	242.0	256
9.	Mg.H	168	171	190
10.	Alkalinity	440	448	464
11.	Chloride	141	148	160
12.	Fluoride	5.7	6.8	9.8
13.	Nitrate Nitrogen	116	119	123

Table.4 Analysis of water quality parameters of surface water 03k.m from PPL (Ramachandipada)

Sl. No.	Parameter	Monsoon	Post-monsoon	Pre-monsoon
1.	pH	7.35	7.17	7.2
2.	TDS	345	354	368.8
3.	Conductivity (mho/cm)	802	805	808
4.	DO	7.8	7.7	7.2
5.	BOD	7.2	7.6	8.3
6.	COD	6.9	7.3	7.8
7.	T.H.	535	545	560
8.	Ca.H	214.0	218.0	224
9.	Mg.H	59.0	71.0	81.6
10.	Alkalinity	632	638	644
11.	Chloride	290	298	320
12.	Fluoride	5.3	5.8	6.4
13.	Nitrate Nitrogen	117	128	132

Fig.1 Map of Paradeep municipality showing the location of Paradeep phosphate limited, Paradeep

Fig.2 Paradeep phosphate limited, Paradeep

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION:

The physicochemical characteristics of surface water at the vicinity of Paradeep phosphate limited, Paradeep, Odisha have been studied during monsoon, pre-monsoon and post- monsoon period of 2015. The results obtained during the course of present study, are given in the Table 1 to 3 and the data are compared with water quality parameters as per ISO 10500.The results suggest that the various parameters are depending upon the hydrochemistry of the study area and also on the effluents released from Paradeep phosphate limited. The physical factors such as pH, alkalinity, conductivity etc. play a significant role in maintaining water quality.

Study of pH:

It is well known that the pH is an important parameter in evaluating the acid-base balance of water ^9-10. The pH values of water samples at various sampling stations during monsoon, pre-monsoon and post- monsoon periods of 2015 show a large variation. The pH of water samples of three sampling stations (Drainage canal, Siba temple and Ramachandipada) during pre-monsoon, monsoon and post monsoon are found to be in the range 2.35 to 1.2, 6.35 to 5.59 and 7.35-7.12 respectively. It is observed that the samples nearer to PPL are strongly acidic (Table-1) which may be due to acidic byproducts and leakage of acids from storage site. The acidic character decreases with the increase in distance from PPL.

Study of Fluoride content:

Out of all the water quality parameters studied, fluoride content in the water sample is found to be highly dangerous and much above the prescribed limit. The fluoride content of water samples at various sampling stations (Drainage canal, Siba temple and Ramachandipada) during monsoon, pre-monsoon and post- monsoon periods of 2015 are found to be in the range 7.7 to 11.4, 5.7 to 9.8 and 5.3to 6.4 respectively. The fluoride content decreases with the increase in distance from PPL. So care should be taken to reduce the fluoride content to the optimum level of 1.0-1.5 as prescribed by ISO 10500.

Besides the above two water quality parameters, the study reveals that other parameters such as pH, total suspended solids (TSS), total dissolved solids (TDS), conductivity, dissolved Oxygen (DO), Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD),Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Total Hardness (TH), calcium hardness (CaH), alkalinity, chloride content etc. of the water samples are also above the prescribed limit(Table 1-3).So the surface water at the vicinity of PPL is not safe for human consumption.

CONCLUSION:

To aware every individual and their participations to protect human health for sustainable development, the study recommends an extensive research on surface water quality at the vicinity of PPL and its possible impact on living system.

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Received on 13.12.2015 Modified on 20.12.2015

Asian J. Research Chem. 9(1): Jan., 2016; Page 25-28

DOI: 10.5958/0974-4150.2016.00005.5